The Permanent Committee for Scholarly Research and Ifta (also the General Presidency of Scholarly Research and Ifta in Arabic, al-Lajnah ad-Daa&#;imah lil-Buhooth al-&#;Ilmiyyah wal-Iftaa اللجنة الدائمة للبحوث العلمية والإفتاء) is an Islamic organization in Saudi Arabia established by the King that issues rulings in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and prepares research papers for the Council of Senior Scholars, which advises the king on religious matters.

Gerald Leo Posner (born May , ) is an American investigative journalist and author of twelve books, including Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK (), which explores the John F. Kennedy assassination, and Killing the Dream: James Earl Ray and the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. (), about the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. A plagiarism scandal involving his articles and books arose in .

The history of Iraq from to is characterized by a large United States military deployment on Iraqi territory, beginning with the U.S.-led invasion of the country in March which overthrew the Ba&#;ath Party government of Saddam Hussein and ending with the departure of US troops from the country in (though the Iraq War that commenced in continued and subsequently intensified during ).

The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (Awtonomong Rehiyon sa Muslim Mindanao, الحكم الذاتي الاقليمي لمسلمي مندناو Al-ḥukm adh-dhātiyy al-&#;aqlīmiyy limuslimiyy mindanāu; abbreviated ARMM) is an autonomous region of the Philippines, located in the Mindanao island group of the Philippines, that consists of five predominantly Muslim provinces: Basilan (except Isabela City), Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi.

Lieutenant-General Javed Nasir (Urdu: جاويد ناصر;b. )), is a retired engineering officer in the Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers, who served as the Director-General of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), appointed on March until being forcefully removed from this assignment on May . An educator and engineer by profession, Nasir gained national prominence as his role of bringing the unscattered mass of Afghan Mujahideen to agree to the power-sharing formula to form Afghan administration under President Mojaddedi in Afghanistan in –. Later, he played an influential and decisive role in the Bosnian war when he oversaw the covert military intelligence program to support the Bosnian Army against the Serbs, while airlifting the thousands of Bosnian refugees in Pakistan.