Fjotolf Hansen (born Anders Behring Breivik (born February ), also known by his pseudonym Andrew Berwick, is a Norwegian far-right terrorist who committed the Norway attacks. On July he killed eight people by detonating a van bomb amid Regjeringskvartalet in Oslo, then shot dead participants of a Workers&#; Youth League (AUF) summer camp on the island of Utøya. In August he was convicted of mass murder, causing a fatal explosion, and terrorism. On the day of the attacks, Breivik electronically distributed a compendium of texts entitled : A European Declaration of Independence, describing his militant ideology. In them, he lays out a worldview encompassing opposition to Islam and blaming feminism for creating a European "cultural suicide".Jones, Jane Clare., The Guardian, July . The texts call Islam and "Cultural Marxism" the enemy and advocate the deportation of all Muslims from Europe based on the model of the Beneš decrees, while also claiming that feminism exists to destroy European culture. Breivik wrote that his main motive for the atrocities was to market his manifesto. Two teams of court-appointed forensic psychiatrists examined Breivik before his trial. The first report diagnosed Breivik as having paranoid schizophrenia. A second psychiatric evaluation was commissioned following widespread criticism of the first. The second evaluation was published a week before the trial; it concluded that Breivik was not psychotic during the attacks nor during the evaluation. He was instead diagnosed as having narcissistic personality disorder. His trial began on April , with closing arguments made on June . On August , Oslo District Court delivered its verdict, finding Breivik sane and guilty of murdering people. He was sentenced to years in prison, in a form of preventive detention that required a minimum of years incarceration and the possibility of one or more extensions for as long as he is deemed a danger to society. This is the maximum penalty in Norway. Breivik announced that he did not recognize the legitimacy of the court and therefore did not accept its decision—he claims he "cannot" appeal because this would legitimize the authority of the Oslo District Court. While imprisoned, Breivik has identified himself as a fascist and a national socialist, saying he previously exploited counterjihadist rhetoric in order to protect ethno-nationalists. In , he said that he has never personally identified as a Christian, and called his religion Odinism. In , Breivik sued Norwegian Correctional Service, claiming that his solitary confinement violated his human rights and subjected him to degrading treatment and privacy violations. In its judgment of April , the City Court found that Breivik&#;s rights under Article of the Convention had been violated, but not those under Article . The government appealed against the City Court&#;s judgment as concerned the finding of a breach of Article of the Convention, while Breivik appealed as concerned the finding that Article had not been breached. On March , the Court of Appeals ruled that neither Article nor Article had been breached. On June , Norway&#;s Supreme Court upheld the verdict of the Court of Appeals. On June , Breivik filed a complaint with the European Court of Human Rights, which the court dismissed on June .

The Battle of Qala-i-Jangi (also incorrectly referred to as the "Battle of Mazar-i-Sharif") was a prisoner-of-war camp uprising that took place between November and December , , in northern Afghanistan, following the armed intervention by United States-led coalition forces to overthrow the Taliban&#;s Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, which had been harboring al-Qaeda operatives.

The Battle of Najaf took place on January at Zarqa (alt. Zarga) near Najaf, Iraq, between Iraqi Security Forces (later assisted by U.S. and UK forces) and fighters, initially thought to be Iraqi insurgents but later reported to be members of the Shia Islam cult Soldiers of Heaven, who had joined a gathering of worshippers — or, by other accounts, a conflict, originally between an Iraqi government forces checkpoint and armed pilgrims, which then expanded to include local residents, the Soldiers of Heaven group, and UK and U.S. forces.

Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (p; August (at WebCite)(at WebCite) (Or December by father&#;s account – November ) was a British naturalised Russian defector and former officer of the Russian FSB secret service who specialised in tackling organised crime. According to US diplomats, Litvinenko coined the phrase Mafia state. In November , Litvinenko and several other FSB officers publicly accused their superiors of ordering the assassination of the Russian tycoon and oligarch Boris Berezovsky. Litvinenko was arrested the following March on charges of exceeding the authority of his position. He was acquitted in November but re-arrested before the charges were again dismissed in . He fled with his family to London and was granted asylum in the United Kingdom, where he worked as a journalist, writer and consultant for the British intelligence services. During his time in London, Litvinenko wrote two books, Blowing Up Russia: Terror from Within and Lubyanka Criminal Group, wherein he accused the Russian secret services of staging the Russian apartment bombings and other terrorism acts in an effort to bring Vladimir Putin to power. He also accused Putin of ordering the murder in October of the Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya. On November , Litvinenko suddenly fell ill and was hospitalised in what was established as a case of poisoning by radioactive polonium-; he died from the poisoning on November. He became the first known victim of lethal polonium -induced acute radiation syndrome. The events leading up to this are a matter of controversy, spawning numerous theories relating to his poisoning and death. A British murder investigation pointed to Andrey Lugovoy, a former member of Russia&#;s Federal Protective Service, as the prime suspect. Britain demanded that Lugovoy be extradited, which is against the Constitution of Russia, which directly prohibits extradition of Russian citizens. Russia denied the extradition, leading to the cooling of relations between Russia and the United Kingdom. After Litvinenko&#;s death, his widow, Marina, pursued a vigorous campaign on behalf of her husband through the Litvinenko Justice Foundation. In October , she won the right for an inquest into her husband&#;s death to be conducted by a coroner in London; the inquest was repeatedly set back by issues relating to examinable evidence. A public inquiry began on January , and concluded in January that Litvinenko&#;s murder was an FSB operation, that was probably personally approved by Vladimir Putin.

September southern Israel cross-border attack refers to an incident on September , when three Egyptian militants, who were dressed in civilian clothes, armed with two explosive belts, and carrying AK- rifles and RPG launchers, approached the Egypt-Israel border at an area where the Israel-Egypt barrier remained incomplete, and opened fire on a group of IDF soldiers securing the civilian workers who were constructing the border fence.